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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 34(2): 503-509, June 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-787029

ABSTRACT

In literature it is established that the iris musculature consists of striate muscle fibers in birds while in mammals it consists of smooth muscles. Some authors report the presence of smooth muscle tissue also in the iris of some species of birds. In the present study we report on the iris muscle tissues (type of tissue, direction and mean diameter of muscle fibers or cells) in five species of Accipitriformes (diurnal raptors) and four species of Strigiformes (nocturnal raptors) because they show different way of life depending of their predatory behavior. This morphological study was carried out from raptors died or euthanized at the Wild Life Rescue Centre of Sea and Water birds in Livorno (Italy). From histological examination of iris serial radial sections we find both striated and smooth musculature even if with marked differences among analyzed species, not directly correlated with diurnal or nocturnal lifestyle. Striated fibers are always present, mainly with cross direction, throughout the iris stroma, while the histological differences concern the smooth cells. Indeed, harrier and sparrow hawk (Accipitriformes) and great horned owl and little owl (Strigiformes) show a compact layer of cross smooth muscle cells throughout the iris stroma. In the other species analyzed smooth muscle cells are slightly detectable as scattered or not detectable. Since the cross smooth muscle tissue allows to maintain a myotic state for extended periods of time, our results might be correlated more to the predatory behavior than the taxonomic order.


En la literatura, se establece que la musculatura del iris se compone de fibras musculares estriadas en las aves, mientras que en los mamíferos, la forman los músculos lisos. Algunos autores informan también de la presencia de tejido muscular liso en el iris de algunas especies de aves. El presente estudio informa sobre los tejidos musculares del iris (tipo de tejido, la dirección y diámetro de las fibras musculares o células) en cinco especies de Accipitriformes y cuatro especies de Strigiformes que muestran diferentes hábitos en función de su comportamiento depredador. Este estudio morfológico se realizó en aves rapaces que murieron o fueron eutanasiadas en el Centro de Vida Salvaje de Rescate de Aves Marinas y Acuáticas de Livorno (Italia). El examen histológico de secciones seriadas radiales del iris mostró la presencia tanto de musculatura estriada como lisa, aunque con marcadas diferencias entre las especies analizadas, pero sin correlación directa con el estilo de vida diurna o nocturna. Las fibras estriadas estuvieron siempre presentes, principalmente en dirección transversal a lo largo del estroma del iris, mientras que las diferencias histológicas fueron de las células lisas. Tanto el aguilucho y el gavilán (Accipitriformes) como el buho real y el mochuelo (Strigiformes) mostraron una capa compacta de células musculares lisas transversales en todo el estroma del iris. En las otras especies analizadas, las células musculares lisas fueron ligeramente detectables de manera dispersa o no detectables. Dado que el tejido del músculo liso transversal permite mantener un estado miótico durante largos períodos de tiempo, nuestros resultados podrían estar más correlacionados con el comportamiento depredador, y no con el orden taxonómico.


Subject(s)
Animals , Iris/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Smooth/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Striated/anatomy & histology , Raptors/anatomy & histology
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 33(2): 446-451, jun. 2015. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-755493

ABSTRACT

The objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of 14 weeks of resistance training on muscle tissue in Wistar rats. 20 male Wistar rats were used in the study; 10 allocated to the untrained group (Group 1) and 10 to the trained (Group 2). The physical training (PT) program consisted of four sets of ten water jumps, three times a week for 14 weeks. A progressive increase in load was applied from the14nd to the 42nd day. Following this, the animals were euthanized with an overdose of potassium chlorate (100 mg/kg) applied intraperitoneally. The ventral portion of the gastrocnemius muscle was removed for histological processing. The muscles were frozen in liquid nitrogen and cut into thicknesses of 5 µm using a rotative microtome. The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for general analysis of the structure of muscles and analysis of the area of muscle fibers. The reaction with NADH-TR was utilized for differentiation between fast twitch (FT) and slow twitch (ST) fibers. The sections subjected to staining and histochemical reactions were observed in normal and polarized light and photomicrographed using a microscope (Zeiss®). The measurement of muscle fibers was performed using AxioVision software (Zeiss®). Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t test for analysis of the samples average. An average area of 5061.29 µm2 for Group 1 versus 5768.93 µm2 for Group 2 was observed. It can be concluded that 14 weeks of training with water jumps was effective in increasing muscle area. An increase in transverse area section (TAS) of ST and FT was also verified in the trained group.


El objetivo fue investigar los efectos de 14 semanas de entrenamiento de resistencia sobre el tejido muscular de ratas Wistar. Fueron utilizadas 20 ratas, 10 en el grupo sin entrenamiento (Grupo 1) y 10 con entrenamiento (Grupo 2). El programa de entrenamiento físico estaba compuesto de cuatro series con 10 saltos acuáticos, tres veces en la semana, durante 14 semanas. Un aumento progresivo de la carga fue aplicado desde el día 14 al día 42. Los animales fueron eutanasiados con clorhidrato de potasio (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneal. La parte ventral del músculo gastrocnemio fue removida para el análisis histológico. La musculatura fue congelada en nitrógeno líquido y cortada con 5 µm de espesor con micrótomo rotatorio. La coloración fue H-E para el análisis del músculo y área en las fibras musculares. La reacción com NADH-TR fue utilizada para la comparación entre las fibras rápidas (FR) y fibras lentas (FL). Las reacciones histoquímicass se observaron bajo microscópio de luz (Zeiss®) y sobre las microfotografias obtenidas se realizaron las mediciones con el programa Axio Vision (Zeiss®). El análisis estadístico se realizó con la prueba t de student para comparación de medias. Se observó una media de 5061,29 µm2 en el Grupo 1 y 5768,93 µm2 en Grupo 2. Es posible concluir que 14 semanas de programa de entrenamiento físico con 10 saltos acuáticos son capaces de aumentar el área del músculo. Un aumento del área transversal de las FR y FL fue observado en el grupo 2.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Muscle, Striated/anatomy & histology , Physical Endurance/physiology , Swimming/physiology , Rats, Wistar , Time Factors
3.
Sci. med ; 21(4)out.-dec. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-612053

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: discutir a importância do estudo de modelos animais para testar hipóteses sobre os mecanismos de continência urinária e fisiopatologia do binômio diabetes incontinência urinária.Fonte de Dados: foi realizada revisão de literatura no PubMed e SciELO. Os descritores utilizados foram diabetes, urinary incontinence, urethra, human e rats.Síntese dos Dados: existe forte correlação entre a gênese da incontinência urinária e o diabetes mellitus. Devido à similaridade entre a distribuição normal da musculatura estriada e da neuroanatomia da uretra em mulheres e em ratas, estes modelos animais vêm sendo cada vez mais utilizados nas pesquisas sobre esses distúrbios.Conclusões: o uso de ratas como modelo animal é apropriado para estudos experimentais que testam hipóteses sobre os mecanismos de continência e a fisiopatologia do binômio diabetes mellitus e incontinência urinária, possibilitando assim, soluções de grande valia na prática clínica.


Aims: To discuss the importance of studying animal models to test hypotheses about the mechanisms of urinary continence and pathophysiology of diabetes and urinary incontinence.Source of Data: A literature review was conducted in PubMed and SciELO. The key words used were diabetes, urinary incontinence, urethra, human and rats.Summary of Findings: There is a strong relation between the genesis of urinary incontinence and diabetes mellitus. Due to the similarity of normal distribution of skeletal muscle and urethra anatomy between humans and rats, these animal models have been used in current research about these disorders.Conclusions: The use of rats as an animal model is suitable for experimental studies that test hypotheses about the mechanisms of continence and pathophysiology of the binomial diabetes mellitus and urinary incontinence, thus enabling solutions of great value in clinical practice.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Models, Animal , Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology , Urinary Incontinence/physiopathology , Muscle, Striated/anatomy & histology , Urethra/anatomy & histology , Urethra/physiopathology
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